Ken Sandes The Peace Maker Essay -- Ken Sande Peace Maker Essays

Ken Sandes The Peace MakerA biblical guide to resolving individualized conflict, this, in a nutshell is what The Peace Maker is all about. In this critical platter review I will be taking topics from the withstand and giving the reader my personal views on how I either reacted or related to the topics covered. My goal for this paper is to give the reader a non-biased opinion of The Peace Maker, which was published by Baker Books in June of 2004.To first critique a book you must have some background information on the author himself and why he is qualified to write a book on conflict management through a biblical perspective. Ken Sande is the author of the book as hearty as being the president of Peacemaker Ministries, which is a company designed to offer Christians conflict training by using the record book and its scriptures. Mr. Sande who is an engineer and attorney by trade has been using his peacemaking skills since 1982 to solve conflicts in business, in the church and in family disputes. Ken is a Certified Christian Conciliator and has served on such(prenominal) committees as the Christian Legal Society and the Dispute Resolution Committee of the State Bar of Montana, which is where he earned his qualifications to write this book.The Peace Maker, is what I would describe as a self-help book that can be read by anyone that wants to have a solid understanding of conflict resolution and it does non matter if you are a Christian or non this book makes good points on how to solve conflict. If you are a non-Christian this is a bit harder of a read because of the constant reference to the bible and its scriptures but there are a lot of valid points that are made even without the references to the bible.The purpose of this book is to inform the reader of the best course of action to take when trying to resolve conflict while at the same time preserving Gods good grace, which can be difficult even at the best of times. In order to do this the reader must s tick to the four Gs of biblical conflict management which are to Glorify God, Get the log out of your own eye, Gently restore and Go and be reconciled. By following these four Gs you will bring praise to God and hopefully open up others to his glorious ways. At times in the book the authors point of view goes from being an informer of ways to deal with conflict into being more of a preacher of the... ...this is in chapter 9 where he states that you can read one of his other books to get more information on being a reconciler but a reconciler does the same thing a mediator does but not to the same extent.In conclusion, this book has showed me some good techniques to solving conflict and has showed me that the bible can have an influence on people even if you are not a Christian, like myself. I do admit that this book is not for everyone but if you can look past the downfalls that I have pointed out and find the relevant information this book can be an essential scratch to any media tor or negotiator. I think this would be an excellent book for any person who is involved with the church who plans on taking on mediator roles because The Peace Maker offers great tips on how to bring estranged siblings back together as well as reuniting failed marriages. I would suggest this book to anyone that is taking a conflict management course that has not had the opportunity to see how to solve conflict from a biblical perspective because to be an useful mediator or negotiator you should be able to use all the resources available to solve any conflict that might be presented to you.

Scarlet Letter Essay -- Essays Papers

Scarlet LetterThe Puritan Beliefs As Told Through The Scarlet LetterNathaniel Hawthorne was not a Puritan. But Hawthrones forefathers were Puritans, so he had an understanding of their belief system and their basis behind it. He stated that he hoped the sins of his forefathers had been forgiven. Hoping to expose those ideas which he understood, yet despised, Hawthorne purposely presented many another(prenominal) important Puritan beliefs as import aspects to the Scarlet Letter. In the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne addresses three main Puritan beliefs providence, predestination, and the strict code of ethics that the settlers of New Englanders lived by.The head start main Puritanical belief Hawthorne referred to was the belief in divine providence. The Puritans believed that God granted providence, the right to enter heaven upon ones death, to people who were honourable and performed meaningful deeds while on earth. The main example of God granting providence is in chapter 8 when Hester visits the governor concerning Pearl. The young ministers leanthat the child had saved Hester from Satans snare (100). Surly if God did not want Hester to enter His kingdom upon her passing, He certainly wouldve allowed Pearl to be taken and Hester to enter the forest with Mistress Gibbons. A second example of providence in the Scarlet Letter is when Dimmesdale is dying on the scaffold. He claims that the destroy torture upon his breast (226) and the dark and terrible old man (226) ...

Frankenstein: Less Human Than His Creation Essay -- essays research pa

There are obvious similarities between skipper and his creation each is abandoned, isolated, and both start out withgood intentions. However, victors ego in his search for god-like capabilities overpowers his generosity. The creatureis nothing but benevolent until society shuns him as an outcast on account of his deformities. The creature is more(prenominal)humane than his own creator because his wicked deeds are committed in response to societys corruption whileFrankensteins slimy work stems only from his own greed. Victor Frankenstein and his creation are very much alike. Both are abandoned by their creators at a unexampledage Frankenstein is left without his mother after her death, the creature is rejected by Frankensteins abandonment.Frankenstein and the monster are also similar in that they are isolated and outcasts of society. Frankenstein ishypothetically an outcast when he consumes himself in work and is isolated when the creature kills those he loves,and the creature is obviously isolated as a hideous outcast of society. Victor Frankenstein starts out with goodintentions he is merely seeking to gain knowledge of natural philosophy. Soon, his greed for god-like powerovercomes him and he becomes consumed with the idea of creating life, Summer months passed while I was thusengaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit (32). The creature also starts out with kindness, he tells his creator, Believeme, Frankenstein I was benevolent my soul glowed with love and humanity but am I not alone, miserably alone?(66). However, after society refuses to accept him based on personal appearance, the creature becomes angry.The creature has an fire capacity to love as can be seen in his admiration for the peasants, Thecreatures thoughts now became more active, and he longed to discover the motives and feelings of these lovelycreatures... he thought (foolish wretch) that it faculty be in his power to restore happiness to these deservingpeople (77). The creatures display of care and compassion for the cottagers is more humane than nearly humans arehe retains the innocence and naive characteristics of a child. The creatures grasp of human-like qualities allows thereader to possess sympathy for his situation he is a victim and Frankenstein is to blame. A true monster would, bydefiniti... ...imself which nothing couldextinguish (57). The creature is a portrayal of Eves role in enlightenment Lost. The creature is persuaded by the behaviorof others to take his fall into wickedness, much like Eve was pushed by the serpent to eat the forbidden fruit. Shelleyblatantly makes this comparison when Frankenstein gets a first glance of himself in a scene that mirrors Eves firstlook at herself. The creature tells Victor, I was terrified when I viewed myself in a transparent pool At first Istared back, unable to believe that it was indeed I who was reflected in the mirror and when I became fully convinced(p)that I was in reality the monster that I am, I was fil led with the bitterest sensations of despondence and mortification(108). Despite their similarities, Victor and his creation differ greatly. Only after rejection does the creature turn toevil while Victor acts out of greed. Victors self-centered behavior effects everyone in the novel he hurts his familysfeelings, he lets those that he loves die, and abandons his own creation. Even the creature couldnt have committedsuch horrible acts before the effects of societys rejection.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

Lorraine Hansberry is the author of the duck soup A Raisin in the Sun. This play is actually significant because it was the first play written by a black playwright to win the Best Play of the Year Award. Another interesting omen about the play is the title. The title A Raisin in the Sun also refers to Langston Hughes poem Harlem. In many ways Langston Hughes poem relates to Lorraine Hansberrys play. In the play a family of black Americans have a chance to belong ahead in the cruel prejudiced world. Lorraine Hansberry shows the frustrations that occur when ones dreams are deferred. The young family in the play experiences these times of misery when those dreams are broken.The plot of the drama revolves around the disappointments that occur when ones dreams are deferred. I think that it was egoistic for all of the family members to have their own plan of using the insurance money. It was purely Lenas choice to decide what was to be done with the money. I also concur with Lena b y not wanting Walter to use the money for a liquor store. When Walter went against Lenas wish for the rest of the money to go to Beneathas college fund, and gave the money to Willy, it do me mad. Walter was being so selfish. In the end Walter redeemed himself by pulling some strings to let Beneatha go to school and be able to move into the new house. Lena was very wise. I think that Lena was the only thing keeping the family together. They all revolved around her, maybe it was because she had the money and was therefore in charge. I liked the way she took control of the family and said what was on her mind. Like when her and Walter were fighting and Ruth had just found out that she was pregnant. I think if it were not for Lena, Walter and his baby Beneatha would have probably killed one another in their arguments. I also felt that when they would argue Ruth would always somehow get stuck in between. ordinarily because Walter would bring her in to it. Ruth had to be the responsible person in the family, other than Lena. Ruth did most of the work in the house and kept everything streamlet smooth. There were also many symbols in the play. I think that one of the biggest symbols in the play was Lenas flower.

people of 1970s :: essays research papers

The 1970s are a decade of finding your self. In this decade, there were scandals, sex, drugs, and rock n roll. The years between 1970 and 1979 were very crazy. In this paper are people that helped shape the 1970sRichard Milhous Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. In 1946, Nixon was persuaded by the republicans to be their candidate, to challenge the democratic congressman, Jerry Voorhis. As a new member of the United States congress, Nixon gained valuable experience in international affairs, as sound as serving on the committee that he committed, the European Re bear ony Programaka the Marshal plan. As the president of the United States, Nixon led us into the Vietnam War. It was tell to be one of the most important issues that Nixon faced in his term of office. The war had begun in 1959 when communists tried to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. While runway for president, Nixon had campaigned against war, saying that he would bring U.S. soldiers back home . HoweverRutledge 2The War only seemed to expand. In April of 1970, Nixon authorized the invasion of Cambodia, and the invasion on Laos in 1971. As the second half of the war came around, in 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing and in May of 1972 he Visited Moscow. On two of these trips, he signed trade agreements with both countries, and a treaty with USSR to limit the deployment of the antiballistic missile systems. By the 1972 election, Nixon and Agnew were looking for re-election. The countries inflation had gone down, and the international position of the U.S. economy had improved greatly. The war was still do in South Vietnam. At the beginning of Nixons second administration, the secret peace meetings resumed between Vietnam and the U.S. Nixon there declared a halt to all bombing, mine and artillery fire in North Vietnam. Nixons popularity would only increase with the publics awareness of the Watergate scandal. By March of 1973, questions were aimed at Nixon about the tryout of the burglars who had broken into the Democratic National Committee and the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C. These questions also raised questions about Nixons knowledge about the activities and his participation of the cover up of the Watergate Scandal.Rutledge 3In early 1974, a report released by the IRS stated that Nixon owed $432,787 in back taxes for the years 1969 through 1972.

people of 1970s :: essays research papers

The 1970s are a decade of finding your self. In this decade, there were scandals, sex, drugs, and rock n roll. The long time between 1970 and 1979 were very crazy. In this paper are people that helped shape the 1970sRichard Milhous Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. In 1946, Nixon was persuaded by the republicans to be their candidate, to gainsay the democratic congressman, Jerry Voorhis. As a new member of the United States congress, Nixon gained valuable experience in international affairs, as well as serving on the committee that he committed, the European Recovery Programaka the Marshal plan. As the president of the United States, Nixon led us into the Vietnam War. It was said to be one of the most(prenominal) important issues that Nixon faced in his term of office. The war had begun in 1959 when communists tried to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. While running for president, Nixon had campaigned against war, saying that he would fix U.S. soldiers back home. HoweverRutledge 2The War only seemed to expand. In April of 1970, Nixon authorized the invasion of Cambodia, and the invasion on Laos in 1971. As the second half of the war came around, in 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing and in May of 1972 he Visited Moscow. On both of these trips, he signed trade agreements with both countries, and a treaty with USSR to desexualize the deployment of the antiballistic missile systems. By the 1972 election, Nixon and Agnew were looking for re-election. The countries inflation had gone down, and the international position of the U.S. economy had improved greatly. The war was still raging in South Vietnam. At the beginning of Nixons second administration, the secret peace meetings resumed between Vietnam and the U.S. Nixon there declared a halt to all bombing, mining and artillery fire in North Vietnam. Nixons popularity would only increase with the publics awareness of the Watergate scandal. By March of 1973, questions were aimed at Nixon about the trial of the burglars who had broken into the Democratic subject Committee and the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C. These questions also raised questions about Nixons knowledge about the activities and his participation of the cover up of the Watergate Scandal.Rutledge 3In early 1974, a report released by the IRS stated that Nixon owed $432,787 in back taxes for the years 1969 through 1972.

The Impact of Restaurant Reviews on Customer Decisions

The partake of Restaurant Reviews on Customer Decisions Table of contents 1. LITERATURE REVIEW . 3 1. 1. Restaurant Review Systems Context .. 3 1. 2. Overview of Themes . 4 1. 3. Peer Vs. Expert Reviews Constraints 4 1. 4. Impact on Customer Behaviour 5 1. 5. Consumer Information use 6 2. CONCLUSION 9 3. REFERENCE LIST 10 Page 2 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1. Restaurant Review Systems Context As of January 2013 yap recorded 100 million visits on Yelp. om not including the 9. 4 million unique users of its mobile application, ranking Yelp the 34th most trafficked website in the US. (Wilhelm, 2013). In addition, The Zagat New York guide sold 500,000 copies last grade and it now includes 2,050 restaurants from all five boroughs in its 2013 edition. (Talmadge, 2008 ) Ultimately, The Guide Rouge sells around 1. 2 million copies per year in eight countries, and it impressively sold out 120,000 copies in no more than three days, on its first Tokyo 2008 edition (Michelin, 2011).Davis (20 09) synthesizes Restaurant reviews which, in addition to recording eating experiences, educate and inform us about how to culturally contextualize, judge, and comp ar eating experiences in two explicit and implicit ways, how to augment our vocabulary and fill up the bank, reviews argon an important locus of meaning in the realm of food. Coherently, gourmets argue that with the absence of writing, food is merely confined to its biologic purpose and economic standing. Recording the dining experiences, avoids the quotidian encapsulation and impulses food discourse into the realm of intellectual pursuit. (Davis, 2009 , pp. 13-16)Food, universe a vital necessity of human nature, has veritable in the last centuries as not only a survival instinct, but a desire that can drive customers to a satisfactory and reward emotional experience. (Berridge, 2001 , pp. 234-242) Hence, the advancing phenomenon of eating out and the fast growing pace of the Gastronomic industry, has gained uncoun table followers. (Upadhyay, Singh, & Thomas, 2007) The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of restaurant reviews upon consumer selecting criteria. Examine the schooling musical note, and source credibility of restaurant review systems and their influence on consumers utilization.Page 3 1. 2. Overview of the themes Technological advances have brought the ease of accessibility to immeasurable information. Restaurant reviews systems are widely spread, due to the fact that consumers are willing to refer to either expert or peer created reviews before a culinary venture, to avoid emf risk or uncertainty over food/service fictional character. (Choi & Ok). In contrast, Bouton and Kirchsteiger (2001), elaborate on the theory that the existence of favourable rankings might affect consumers by increasing the market power of firms, leading to inflating flexible prices and therefore lowering customers solvency power. Bouton & Kirchsteiger, 2011) 1. 3 Peer vs. Expert Opinion C onstraints Luca (2011) discusses the criticisms on the reliability of the information obtained from both expert and en masse review systems. Constraints such as the hedonic value of palatability, as a result of the diverse interpretations of quality perception in conjunction with the possibility of stakeholders altering submissions, that will cause biased results. Equally important, the subjectivity of information on peer reviewed evaluations, which normally reflect a non exemplification sample of customers. (Luca, 2011)Concerns in the case of expert reviews, for example the Michelin Guide, include the propensity to cover small segments of a market and the companies obligation to comply with mandatory revelation laws. (Luca, 2011) Furthermore, Geraud et al. (2012) considerate that even expert reviews might be somehow biased bolstering French cuisine. Notwithstanding, Johnson et al. (2005) attributed the hegemony Francoise, to the long tradition and paramount magnitude of haute cui sine culture in France. Existing literature demonstrates the significance of experts? opinion and social learning, to model consumer criteria.However the Michelin paladin system, especially in Europe, is to some extent overwhelmingly pondered as the most recognised and respected system for haute cuisine. (Johnson, Surlemont, Nicod, & Revaz, 2005) Page 4 Generally, three etoile restaurants are led by highly creative and skilled chefs, emphasize on hiring high quality personnel, employ first quality ingredients and secure an exclusive wine list. Nonetheless, the absence of standardized requirements suggest an unaccountably vagueness on the rigorously selected and qualified inspectors accreditation criteria. (Johnson, Surlemont, Nicod, & Revaz, 2005)Comparatively, peer reviews alike face system imperfections. Anderson and Magruder (2001) encounter that there is a 49% gain on restaurant customer flow as result of a ? star increase on a Yelp rating, yet this ratings are rounded to th e nearest half star which might convey an imperfect signal of quality. 1. 4. Impact on Customer Behaviour Bickart and Schindler (2001) highlight the effect that online reviews originate upon customer decision-making process, as they play an influential role providing an interactive venue to share quality perception of a product or service.Conversely, Banerjee (1922) and Bikhchandani (1988) et al. (as cited in Geraud et al. 2012) Localized conformity, fashion and heard behaviour sequence causes the purchase decision to be purely influenced by prejudice. Following preceding peers actions without contributing an own judgment leads to an information disequilibrium. (Gergaud, Storchmann, & Verardi, 2012) In accordance with Andersson and Mossberg (2004) who suggest that dining experience engrosses much more than good fooD. Gunasekeran (1992) (as cited in Upadhyay et al. 007) concurs A restaurant takes the basic drive the simplest act of eating and transforms it into a civilized ritual i nvolving hospitality, imagination, satisfaction, graciousness and warmth (Upadhyay, Singh, & Thomas, 2007) The dining experience is sorted and evaluated in components proposed by empirical qualitative data from first round interviews (Kivela et al,1999). Primary factors empowering diners visit intention are the food and service quality, atmosphere, and relevant convenience factors.Restaurant reviews cogitate and delineate their appraisals in these determining attributes to assist customers selection criteria process. (Kivela, Reece, & Inbakaran, 1999) Page 5 Empirical evidence has also proven the assumption of the impact that social learning, give thanks to technological diversification, or professional assessment evaluations indeed contain relevant information. (Luca, 2011) Subsequently, growing literature papers link the relation between restaurant revenue boost as the result of favourable reviews. For instance, Geraud et al. 2012) finding on the comparison between the continu ity on pricing level from 2004 to 2007 in NYC, considering a priori and posteriori scenarios of the inclusion body of the Michelin Guide (2005) in the city, proved a substantial marginal price increase of approximately 37%. Furthermore, Luca (2011) concluded that a one star increase in Yelp rating leads to a 5 9 % increase in revenue. Nonetheless, consumers quality perception scope through pricing signalling quality is fall as consumers knowledge widens. (Gergaud, Storchmann, & Verardi, 2012) . 5. Consumer Information Utilization Yet, it is unclear that the consumers responsiveness and utilization of the available information which is reliant on the accessibility, simplicity and trustworthiness of the actual precious content. This assumption portrays the Bayesian inference which customers act upon (Luca, 2011). Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference that uses prior probability over some hypothesis to determine the likelihood of that hypothesis be true establis h on observed evidence (Mans, 2010 , p. 1) Cai et al. 2008) conducted a randomized natural field experiment proving that assessing consumer options on menu items by providing a forged list of the top 5 selling dishes, reported an increase on demand of 13% to 20%. On the other hand, Kivela et al. (1999) explore the consumer behaviour model under the disconfirmation theory, which construes that customers compare their own dining experience with some basis gained by direct or confirmative previous experiences. This might be obtained from either social or expert assessments, and the assumption that a customer will weight various restaurant attributes based on expectancy theory.Furthermore, they studied customers perceptions of restaurant attributes based on demographic characteristics which shape selection criteria. (Kivela, Reece, & Inbakaran, 1999) Page 6 Upadhyay et al. (2007) research analysis differs from the scheme that Keevela et al. (1999) suggest, since demographic variables have an insignificant impact on consumers preference and visit intentions. Conclusion analysis elaborates on the deciding attributes for restaurant selection, quality of food per se being the most imprescindible component.Secondly, service quality which plays a major role in customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction and return patronage accordingly. Location, ambience and other facilities are included on the deciding factors, but disregard Keevelas et al. (1999) finding of ambience being the fundamental factor. (Upadhyay, Singh, & Thomas, 2007) Page 7 Page 8 3. kit and caboodle Cited Anderson, M. , & Magruder, J. (2011). Learning from the Crowd Regression Disconinuity Estimates of the Effects of an Online Review Database. The Economic Journal , 2 . Berridge, K. C. (2001 ). The Phsycology of Learning .In Reward Learning (pp. 234-242 ). Academic Press. Bouton, L. , & Kirchsteiger, G. (2011). Good Rankings are pretty Why Reliable Rankings Can Hurt Consumers. Centre for Economic Pol icy Research, 1. Cai, H. , Chen, Y. , & Fang, H. (2008). Observational Learning Evidence from a Randomized Natural. Yale University. Choi, J. W. , & Ok, C. (n. d. ). The Effect of Online Restaurant Reviews on Diners Visit Intentions. Kansas State University . Davis, M. (2009 ). A Taste For New York Restaurant Reviews, Food Discourse, and The Field of Gastronomy in America. New York University , 4.Gergaud, O. , Storchmann, K. , & Verardi, V. (2012). Expert Opinion and Quality Perception of Consumers. Johnson, C. , Surlemont, B. , Nicod, P. , & Revaz, F. (2005). stinker the Stars . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 170. Kim, S. , & Jae-Eun, C. (2010 ). Restaurant Selection Criteria Understading the Roles of Restaurant Type and Customers Sociodemographic Characteristics. Ohio State University . Kivela, J. , Reece, J. , & Inbakaran, R. (1999). Consumer Research in the Restaurant Enviornment Part 2 Research envision and analytical methods.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 269 281. Luca, M. (2011). Reviews, Reputation and Revenue The Case of Yelp. com. Harvard Business School. Mans, Y. (2010 ). Bayesian Inference. Machine Learninf Foundation , 1 . Michelin. (2011, November 29). Retrieved from www. michelin. com Talmadge, E. (2008 , August 29). ground forces Today. Retrieved from Tokyo Michelin Dispute http//usatoday30. usatoday. com Upadhyay, Y. , Singh, S. K. , & Thomas, G. (2007). Do People Differ in

Albert Camus Essay

This is the commentary on the book The outsider written by Albert Camus. I trenchant to set up my commentary writing about characters, theme, style, time & place and symbolism. The Outsider is a story about a man called Monsieur Meursault, who lives his life in total simplicity and simple enjoyment, but whom society eventually roots out, humiliates and crushes. He lives for the truth. The novel is divided into two parts. In part one his acquire dies and he has to go to the funeral. He does not about his mother, so he does not mourn his mother at all.Next day he meets a woman called Marie, with whom he used to work with and they start dating. Meursault invites her out, they go to the cinema and afterwards they sleep together. Later Meursault helps his neighbour Raymond to write a letter to his girlfri subvert, which leads to the apogee of the book. Raymond and Meursault are now friends and they go to a party where they meet Raymonds girlfriends brother and the Arab, a fight breaks out and the brother attacks Raymond. Meursault goes foul to the beach and kills the Arab. Part two is about his trial for murder.The prosecutor is very cruel and Meursault is to be guillotined. At the end he argues with prison chaplain about beau ideal and religion. Finally, Meursault finds peace and he thinks perhaps after death his existence may be less absurd he may be more about aligned with the universe. He accepts his destiny with clear understanding. In the book Outsider there are three major characters and three minor characters I am going to write about. Characters in Camus novels and plays are keenly aware of the meaninglessness of the human condition, assert their humanity by rebelling against their circumstances.Monsieur Meursault is the central character in the novel. He is emotionless and a business concernless person society sees him as an outsider or even a monster. Even though he is honest and as a character he is both disturbing and fascinating. He only seems to care for the most fleeting of sensations and gives no thought to future consequences, for example putting to death the Arab. For him the events that are grave for most people do not mean invariablyything, homogeneous the position that his mother is dead, that Marie loves him and wants to get married. He simply does not care about that.Meursault is amoral he cannot make difference between good and bad. Raymond asked him to write the letter for his girlfriend, which Meursault does without realising the consequences. Meursaults indifference seems to apply solely to his understanding of himself. At the end of the novel he realizes that the universe is like him, totally different to human life and that peoples life do not have any meaning or grandeur, so at the end he is completed as a character. Raymond Sintes is a friend and a neighbour of Meursault.Raymond is a procedure like Meursault, he is lonely, he keeps away from other people and he is a cold person. Raymond definitely dislikes women. If Meursault is just different and annoyed with himself, then Raymond on the other hand is a cruel and a violent person, and he knows how to use other people, as he uses Meursault. For example, he has problems with his ex-girlfriend, he beats and abuses her. He says to Meursault that he needs to punish her, which actually leads to conflict with the Arab. Raymond initiates action. Although he only seems to use Meursault, he actually testifies for him and feels a bit responsible.Marie Cardona is the girl who loves Meursault and he likes her as well, but he does not love her. Marie seems to be good-hearted, she accepts everything that Meursault does, including his behaviour and careless. Marie is cheerful, honest and loyal to Meursault. Marie loves Meursault a lot and wants to marry him she says that she probably loves him because he is so peculiar. Marie alike delights in physical contact they do not kiss in public places. Maries physical affection for Meursault signa ls a deeper sentimental and emotional attachment.Marie acts in a strange way, because Meursault does not care about her at all, but Marie just forgets that and loves him still, and she stays loyal to him even when he is in the prison, she goes to see him. Probably, she enjoys the freedom, because Meursault does not take any interest in her life when they are not together. Marie never grasps the indifference of the universe and she never comes to understand the redemptive value of abandoning hope. Salamano is Meursaults neighbour. An older man living with his dog (spaniel). He seems to be a very lonely and depressive person and he is filled with anger that he expresses by beating his dog.Meursault does not know him very well, but he always hears Salamano fighting with his dog. Once Meursault hears him crying and he goes to see what has happened, Salamano tells him that his dog is missing and he is really upset. From that, you can see that even if he was beating his dog, he actually l oved it very oft and the spaniel was the only friend he ever had. Salamano testifies for Meursault in the trial. The Arab is the friend of Raymonds ex-girlfriends brother and he actually plays only a small role in the novel, which is important.You can see that The Arab is a person who wants revenge and he and Raymonds ex-girlfriends brother are the ones who follow Meursault and Raymond to the beach and start the fight. Meursault is quite cruel to him, after he falls down, Meursault shoots him quaternion times. Maman is not a living character, but is still important. Meursault has a very cold relationship with her he sent her a home, where she lived out her remaining days. The fact that she is dead, and how Meursault acted in the funeral causes much trouble for him even later. His mother sets in motion societys negative image of his personality.The novel Outsider was established in 1940s after the Second World War in France. There is very big effect of the war on peoples spectral beliefs. The meaninglessness of human life is one of the major components of Camus absurdist philosophy. He finds that human life has no redeeming purpose and the only thing that makes sense is death. In the novel you can see that Meursault finds his peace at the end. He understands that it does not matter whether he dies by execution or normal death. Meursault realizes that he is so different from the universe and the universe is indifferent to him.Like everyone else on this earth, Meursault was born, he will die, and he will not have any further importance to the universe. The importance of the physical world. Meursault is more interested in the physical aspects of the world around him rather than in its social or emotional aspects. In the Outsider, Meursaults attention centres on his own body, physical contact with Marie, on the weather and on the nature. For example at his mothers funeral the heat causes much more trouble to him, than the fact that his mother is dead. He also su ffers on the beach, because of the sun. Which demonstrates the obsessive effect of society.The story is written in the first person, in the shape of spare, economic style. The flat, impersonal style is perfectly matched to the subject matter. Sentences to not follow upon each other in a logical train, they succeed each other, to the highest degree without apparent connection. Camus tries to avoid causal conjunctions, but the ones Meursault uses are and and then, word which do not show motivation. At the end of the book, the language changes a bit. From macrocosm very passive it suddenly becomes an obsessive and legal language. The last two paragraphs are the culminating ones, blissful expression of passionate love of life.The sun is one of the symbols in the novel. The sun is usually associated with positive and good things, like societies generally, however they both can become overpowering. They beat down on people, smothering them just like the sun beats down upon Meursault. The sun is presented whenever the force of society is strong within Meursault. There is sun during the funeral, in the court hall, which claims to possess the right to hear people, and on the beach when he kills the Arab. But there is no sun in the cell, because the overpowering force society has been removed.The crucifix symbolizes Christianity, which stands as antagonism to Camus absurdist worldview. Christianity conceived a rational order for the universe based on gods creation and direction of the world. The chaplains insistence that Meursault turn to god does not represent a wish that he should accept particularly Christian beliefs so much as a desire that he holds the principle of a important universe in general. When Meursault defies the magistrate by rejecting Christianity, he totally discards all systems that seek to define a realistic order within human existence.

India & Mexico: the two stories Essay

By the end of 20th century, the knowledge base had realized that the near century is going to be driven by ontogenesis body politics from southbound America, Central America and Asia on economic ground. The role of the economically essential nation pull up stakes get reduced to that of investor and consumer while the developing nations will be converted into producers with foreign direct investment will bring capital and engineering science for that production. Looking into Asia, the nations which is supporting the above menti whizd view are neither Japan nor the South East Asian tigers comprising ASEAN but the worlds two roughly populated nations namely China and India.M whatever economists called this advent of the two nations as the arrival of Chindia. The China has now become the factory of the world while India is a service sector giant while leading in the sectors like software development and BPO industry (Perkovich, 2003). And in gaucherie of Central America and Sout h America, the countries which are expected to match the growth of other developing nations are Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. These nations have a genuinely different past if things like governmental stability and economic policies are taken into consideration.India and its late nurture Though both(prenominal) China and India have now become a very(prenominal) roaring case of FDI channeled development model but the structure of prudence of these two nations are at the two ends of any of the economic theory. In China, being a one deviatey communist state and very strong central government economic decisions are taken irrespective of what is actually the people at ground wish while in India, being a secular democratic nation with multi-party political system decisions related to economy are a good deal taken while considering the compulsions like electoral promises and is very much populist in nature. The governments which includes both central and states are always under pre ssure from both opposition parties and popular public demand and many a(prenominal) a clips the decisions get affected due to this factor. At the same time, Indias economic confirm for much than forty years of its independence had been protective and least connected with the world (Bromley, Mackintosh, Brown & Wuyts, 2004, p. 196). Its neutral stand during the cold war and strategic multitude relationship with USSR caused very less interaction with western world led by ground forces.The region proceed to pursue its independent political stand and entered twenty-first century, its economic structure saw extreme changes and the country now boasts of having the USA as its largest trading partner and at the same time, US has also prepare great interest in worlds largest democracy and the recently signed nuclear treaty amongst the US president George Bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh clearly underlines the growing interest between the two. So the new India or be tter to say the liberalized India post reforms presents a beautiful case where Kenneth Waltzs theory of internationalistic Relations which states that the action of a state can often get affected due to pressures being exerted by international forces and thereby limiting the options available to them(1979). The neorealist or structured model has been real with the aim to explain the repeating patterns of state behavior and power and its intent which is the combination of its capacity to resist external influence while influencing others to behave according to its wishes. The liberalization process in India began in early 1990s in the tenure of the Prime Minister P. V. Narashimha Rao under the leadership of then Finance Minister Dr. Manamohan Singh. The reform process and Indias integration into world economy was wide appreciated with International Monetary Fund or the IMF calling it a long term corrective measure. The reform process which began with India signing GATT and becomin g a part of WTO was widely appreciated by almost all economic quarters (Bromley et. al, 2004, p. 173). The Narashimha Rao govt. continued with his reforms though slowly despite stiff resistance from major opposition parties by destroying the opposition unity (Bromley et. al, 2004, p. 167). After entering into a new economic fold, the Indian States decision showed the signs of getting influenced through external international forces which includes IMF, World Bank and other trade partners including US and EU. On economic humps, the Indian government for obtaining loans from IMF and World Bank had to observe their demands. whatever of the demands that IMF made were import liberalization, tariff reduction, decontrolling the food grains market, decreasing subsidies in food and agricultural sector, PSU privatizations, enabling law for attracting FDI in manufacturing and infrastructure projects and opening the domestic banking and insurance insurance policy sector i.e., financial lib eralization (Bromley et. al, 2004, p. 199).. The Indian government reacted cautiously but in a considerably long period, opened some of the sectors with foreign players place majority stakes while in most of the sectors FDI was promoted to some pctage that may be 26 percent or up to 49 percent (Govt. of India, 2005). The economic reforms of Indian economy went into super fast mode during the regime of new political party. The BJP government was found to be pro-reformist with measures taken by continued to find the path initiated by the Narashimha Rao Government. This stand of BJP was in sharp contrast to what it had observed during the beginning of the reform movement (Bromley et. al., 2004, p. 168). Under the BJP government, India tested five nuclear weapons and was widely criticized by most of the countries (Perkovich, 2003).The US government imposed a series of economic sanctions and the relationship between the two nations started showing down turn. just the Indian economy sh owed resilience and even the US congress and other western nations realized this fact and the sanctions were removed in a number of phases. The terrorist advance of September 11 2001 changed the scenario and the world under US leadership started considering terrorism as an international threat and India being a victim of Pakistan sponsored terrorism gave imperative support to US led war against terror (Perkovich, 2003). But the real success of India has been observed in form of the success of software giants like Infosys, TCS, Wipro and many smaller ones (Bromley et. al., 2004, p. 209). These companies opened new era of business through outsourcing of jobs from US and this led to the advent of many of the US based MNCs like Accenture, IBM, GE and others put a lot in India. The frame has become so different that the growth of Indian firms is dependent on US. Now the other sectors like retail, automobile, telecommunication etc. are getting large input through FDI channel (Perkovic h, 2003). Now this US supported growth of economy has made the government to follow foreign policies with extra care so that the interests of US must be taken into account and the mutually beneficial relationship between the two countries should tolerate intact. These things are clearly showing that the countrys stand on different international issues have started getting affected by economic policies of developed nations especially USA (Kapila, 2006).Mexico & Economic Liberalization Now when we think of the continent of North America, we normally have the picture two economically very developed countries namely United States of America and Canada. But Mexico is another major economy of the region but with a different structure and status. Basically a developing country with a very unusual past when compared with other major countries of the region mentioned above, the countrys economic policy in the major part of 20th century had been without any vision. The political creation ha s always supported various ideologies at the same time.The left centered administration and economic policy of Cuba and other left economies of the world got support from most of the Mexican government over the past 50 years but the same governments had reacted sharply against any move to any communist movement in the nation. Before 1970, the economy policy of Mexico was that of Private Public supported and investment by foreign companies had been given over high priority.But after the massacre in the Plaza of the Three Cultures, the newly elected government started following an economic policy leaned more towards left philosophy of collective ownership. And despite flagging economic condition of the nation, populist policies for earning political mileage became a national policy. With every new government the country followed comparatively different policies creating more economic and monetary instability instead of any straight forward economic growth. The year 1994 saw the begi nning of a new era in trade relations among three major countries of North America. With the launch of North America Free Trade Agreement i.e., NAFTA, comprising of worlds two most powerful economies USA and Canada and Mexico, the whole economic situation of the region has become a matter of close observation. If the case of Canada and USA is looked upon, there already exist a number of bilateral agreements on issues from defense, border security to trade and commerce. But from Mexican foreland of view, NAFTA has been much more than a simple regional trade agreement. Despite being a platform for boosting trade, participation of Mexico in NAFTA has been seen as the most effective tool to execute two important missions.The first one has been for the purpose of directing the Mexican economy to an export-led growth path on a non-inflationary note. With USA as the major economic partner, NAFTA has been seen by the Mexican government as a platform to initiate large scale export to its m uch superior economic partner. natural structure of the Mexican economy has also been made available on a platter to get a change with new set policies ensuring uncaring trade initiative and drastic reduction in terms of tariff and quota issues to promote intra-regional trade (Moreno-Brid, Validiva & Santamaria, 2005).The second objective of the above mentioned reform process was to conduct the nature of this process very much irreversible. Though NAFTA accord has made sufficient provision so that any attempt to be made by the governments of future would cause the imposition of international legal and extra-legal constraints thereby deterring any attempt of returning back to the days of trade protectionism but the Salinas administration along with other supporters blunted all attack by its opponents to ensure the path of reform unruffled. The whole purpose of this treaty for Mexico was to make the nation a very lucrative region for the manufacture of products that can easily be e xported to USA (Moreno-Brid et. al., 2005). Now its been more than a decade that NAFTA came into existence and if the economic condition of Mexico is viewed then the expectations that was raised by the Salinas govt. has actually been partially satisfied. The country has made considerable economic advancements and these things are visible through the era of small work out deficit, low inflation that followed the treaty. Also the export of non-oil products has reached a very high level with surge in contrary Direct Investment (FDI). But euphoria associated with the treaty loses its charm when the number of jobs being created in the liberated economy is taken into account. The rate of growth of the GDP is still below the level which the economy had attained in days much prior to liberalization (Moreno-Brid et. al., 2005). So, for Mexico, the outcome of being a part of NAFTA has been very limited. If the limited gains are compared with what had been expected before, the NAFTA will ap pear more as a failure than a success. In 1994 only, the possibility of this sort of result was predicted by eminent US political scientist Stephan Krasner. man depending on realist model Krasnar had clearly stated that though NAFTA is an excellent attempt to have a very beneficial regional agreement but from Mexico point of view its not going to yield any golden egg (Bromley, Mackintosh, Brown & Wuyts, 2004, p. 264).The extreme differences in the business culture and size of the economies of US and Mexico will be a very important reason behind the limited success of the agreement and expecting a broad result of something like the one between US and Canada can never be achieved (Extra Material, p. 10). The economic policy of US has been more of imperialistic in nature. This very US policy gives rise to anti-Americanism. The actually reduces the extent up to which both US and Mexico could have cooperated.This is very much in agreement to Waltz theory, which has clearly mentioned tha t the international condition is very much anarchic due to the lack of any common controlling authority giving rise to the issues like national threat and rise of conflicts of both military and economic nature (1979). As a result the apprehensions with rich nations fearing the rise of issues of illegal migration and human trafficking, the extent of cooperation between the two states will be very limited (Hollifield, 2006). The states would be found more concerned towards maintaining their relative power in relation one another and at the same time will avoid any permanent loss to existing relationship (Bromley et. al, 2004, p. 278). The much analyzed theory of Waltz on International Relations logical in almost every case can be successfully used in understanding the case of NAFTA and Mexico. The history is full of differences and conflicts between the US and Mexico with Mexico in constant fear of losing its sovereignty. This fear and the bitterness of past has always been a very im portant reason the success of any pact between Mexico and US.Even the economic policy of US has widely been considered as imperialistic and Mexico had become a part of NAFTA for increasing its exports especially to US, hence the Mexican establishment will always be under the influence of US economic policies and decisions and may have to modify its international economic and business policies to suit US and the economic benefits Mexico is having with the trade with such a large neighbor (Bromley et. al, 2004, p 264). So the fear of the past was the invasion over geographical boundary with Mexico preferring Latin culture rather the pro-US North American trend. Now becoming a very important part of North American economic group, Mexico is under persisting fear of losing is control over its economy and currency and might have to face economic colonialism.ReferencesHollifield, J. F. (2006). Trade, Migration and Economic Development The Risks and Rewards of Openness. Retrieved June 01, 2007, from the World Wide mesh http//www.dallasfed.org/ countersign/research/2006/06migr/hollifield.pdfMoreno-Brid, J. Validiva, J. C. R. & Santamaria, J. (2005). Mexico Economic growth exports and industrial performance after NAFTA, Economic Development Unit. Retrieved June 01, 2007, from the World Wide Web http//www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/Mexico_after_NAFTA_ECLAC.pdfBromley, M. Mackintosh, W. Brown & M. Wuyts (2004).Making the International Economic Interdependence and political Order. Pluto PressWaltz, K. N. (1979).Realist Thought and Neorealist Thesis 1979. Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved June 01, 2007, from the World Wide Web http//classes.maxwell.syr.edu/PSC783/Waltz44.pdfGovt. of India (2005). Investing in India Foreign Direct Investment -Policy & Procedures Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, New Delhi Retrieved June 01, 2007, from the World Wide Web http//dipp.nic.in/manual/manual_03_05. pdfKapila, S. (2006). Irans nuclear issue India well advised to be objective. South Asia Analysis GroupRetrieved June 01, 2007, from the World Wide Webhttp//www.saag.org/%5Cpapers17%5Cpaper1694.htmlPerkovich, G. (2003).The measure of India what makes greatness? 2003 Annual Fellows Lecture, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 01, 2007, from the World Wide Web www.sas.upenn.edu/casi/publications/Papers/Perkovich_2003.pdf

Amerindian before Columbus and the Physical Geography of the Caribbean

Much of America history is recorded from the time Columbus and his team of explores landed in the Caribbean region.The first response to establishment of Spanish in the Caribbean region was the policy of extermination in which millions of the original inhabitants lost their life. Although it has become controversial on the exact number of inhabitants backing in the region before the coming of the Columbus, it remains clear there were a large number of indigenous people and the coming of Columbus in truth changed their life.The nature of the Native Americans remains a controversial issue since it is argued that on his arrival Christopher Columbus mistook the inhabitants for Indians. This is because he though he had arrived in East Indies since he was seeking sea route to India.The culture of Amerindian before ColumbusThe pre-Columbian civilization in the region is though to have been quite advances more that what was projected at the time. It has been revea lead that there was a h igh level of development from social organization to development in agriculture and other sciences which were applied in agriculture and in political expansion.Notably among this civilization was the expansive Maya empire which had flourished and expanded from Mexico to Central American but which later collapsed owing to social and political strife, diseases and other ecological disasters, and humanness other factors (Mann, 1999).The geography of the region shows a very fertile soil and seasons of heavy rainfall. This means that the area had a very high artless potential which was well exploited by the inhabitants.The economic landscape of the people before the coming of Europeans is mixed. While a good number of the indigenous inhabitants were hunters and gatherers, there was besides a good number which practiced aquaculture and agriculture.There is evidence that some of the people lived on mixed agriculture keeping animals and growing crops. Therefore we can read that before the coming of Columbus, the original inhabitants had their own organized social life and varying economic activities in line with the rich sylvan potential of the land.When the European came and conquered the region, there were several changes that took place. First they immediately realized the rich agricultural potential of the land and their settlement pattern was concentrated in rich agricultural areas. What followed was mass extermination of the indigenous inhabitants so as to set up large scale lands for the Europeans.It is in this land that they grew sugar plantations and other cash crops. This led to massive enslavement of the indigenous people in order to provide labor in these large plantations. The setting up of plantations changed the approach that Europeans were using in dealing with the native.The policy of mass extermination quickly changed to mass enslavement to provide free labor. There was also discovery of mineral like currency which led toe increased trade and setting up of industries. (Mann, 1999)ConclusionIt is still controversial whether Columbus discovered South America or not. However there were original inhabitants in the land who Columbus referred to as Indians.The inhabitants were social organized and they practiced agriculture although a good number were hunters and gatherers. When European came they realized the agricultural potential of the land and immediately set up large plantation where they enslaved the indigenous people to provide free labor.ReferenceMann, C. (1999) new(a) Revelation of the Americans before Columbus. New York Knopf Publishing

Two friends

Present, has been efurbished quite a lot but this place still retains the characteristics of the cross- ethnic Vietnamese French The Hanoi Opera House is an architectural get is incomparable with the price outstanding value of history, culture, architecture and art. Can see the Opera House as an integral part of urban and architectural capital, contribute to the establishment of our country faces today in the cultural field. For over 100 years old and works in Hanoi Opera House exists as a symbol of architectural space, cultural and political capital 1,000 years old.Long Bin Bridge Long Bien Bridge is the first steel bridge over across the Red River in Hanoi, a length of 1862 built by the French. At that time, Long Bien Bridge is the largest bridge in Indochina and is one of four capacious bridges in the world. save do not take pride that the long term, such a tool is built primarily by the purpose of colonization, the bridge soon to bear the buckling his war wounds. Old brid ge is an important transportation hub, became the meeting place between urban and rural, one the banks still push through the floral field bowls, one side of ife with urbanization.Today, trains, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians are still crossing the bridge. Some parts of the bridge is intact, but most have been repaired Dy tne damage. But tne or10ge Is stlll tnere as a slgnlTlcant evlaence 0T war ana history. After more than a century of existence, the Long Bien Bridge has a familiar image for many, many generations and became a cultural icon, the history of Hanoi. For Hanoi, almost everyone kept a memory of this bridge tabernacle of Literature Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam is a monument rich diversity and contains many recious valet values of Hanoi in particular and Vietnam in general.Covering an area of 54,331 square meters, including Lake Van, the Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam and park Glam. The value of history and culture of the Temple of Literature was support during thousands of y ears. Quoc Tu Giam is where the examinations held important national stature and train talented people for the country and 82 preserved in Temple of Literature. It depicts of the traditional hospitality of the people It is also the encouragement and rged the next generation of today and tomorrow is always to preserve and retain traditional hospitality of the people.Many times repairing the Temple of Literature 9 borderland 2010, UNESCO officially recognized 82 steles at Van Mieu Quoc Tu Glam, the legacy of the material world. It is also a lot of domestic and foreign delegations have been visiting the Temple of Literature. With the ancient architecture and the unique human values, Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam is a hyphen history of Hanois past and present, contributing to enrich the cultural treasure of the nation.

Police Ethics and Deviance Assignment

Running head POLICE ETHICS AND DEVIANCE ASSIGNMENT patrol ethical motive and Deviance Assignment Axia College legal philosophy Ethics and Deviance Assignment Police officeholders live by a specific code of morals that helps them to their chosen profession in the noblest means possible. The problem is that officers atomic number 18 human and as humans, they sometimes give in to temptation and bad judgment while trying to fulfill the completion of those duties. A few of the unnatural behaviors that officers succumb to are corruption, misconduct, and brutality.Some officers impart partake in the items previously listed in the name of doing the right thing. This has been given the name The Dirty vex syndrome, after the movie of the same name (Dempsey & Frost, 2005). Regardless of the good leave behind it, any abnormal behavior by a person cuss to push the law cannot and will not be tolerated. Ethics can be described as what unmatched does that is considered right and wrong to s ociety and people. Ethics helps one make decisions and behave in specific ways that will not bring shame and disgrace to ones self.A constabulary officers code of morality has to be higher than the people they are entertaining and serving. T. OConnor (2005) cites the following Law Enforcement engrave of Ethics The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind to safeguard lives and property to protect the innocent against deception the weak against conquering or intimidation and the peaceful against violence or disorder and to respect the Constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality, and justice. I will keep my private sustenance unsullied as an example to all maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn, or ridicule develop self-restraint and be eer mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in my thought and deed in both individual(prenominal) and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the l aws of the land and the regulations of my incision. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duties. I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities, or friendships to influence my decisions. With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill-will, never employing unnecessary force or violence, and never accepting gratuities. I recognize the badge of my office as a token of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service.I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen profession law enforcement. (para. 12) As one can see, it is very specific about the treatment of oth ers and how an officer is expected to act while working in the public trust (OConnor, 2006). This code ethics provides an outline for the officers and takes outside(a) any gray areas that may cause some confusion and wrong choices by the officers. One of the first items of the code deals with an officers duty to protect and not deceive.Unfortunately, some officers do not apply this part to their working lives or they choose to forget it. This will lead an officer to the darker side of police work such as, corruption and misconduct by the officer. In Los Angeles, for example, corruption presents itself in many forms, such as financial kick-backs, drug-dealing, obstruction of justice, and theft (Staff, 2009). These acts will degrade an officers identity and create an air of mistrust amongst those they are supposed to help. Not to mention, they are against the law the police officers have sworn to uphold.This will lead to the officers answering for their actions and being reviewed by other officers, whose duty is to weed out the corrupt officers. Even lesser types of corruption, like taking gratuities and cooping, will compromise an officers integrity and effect how they do their job. By taking gifts they will show favoritism to those individuals giving them the gifts. Cooping is the term for when officers rest, sleep or just are negligent in doing their job. That is why it is very important that officers followed the code of ethics and remain above the public in everything they do.Misconduct is also something that an officer can do that will tarnish the whole department. Misconduct is what an officer does when they break departmental rules and regulations that guide police behavior. This is not a misuse of authority, but of how an officer acts in regard to the force. This type of deviant behavior shows the police force in a bad slatternly and paints a negative picture of the police and what they do. Some of the types of misconduct are using police property for personal use, unsafe use of police property, chastening to write reports, and improper searching of suspects.This is only a small collection of the many types of misconduct, but all are damaging to the character of the officer (Stevens, 2005). Police brutality is probably one of the most egregious of all the deviant behaviors that has been listed previously. It is the use of excessive force against suspects, civilians, and offenders (Dempsey & Frost, 2005, p. 308). This type of deviant behavior has been present since the fount of police work. These acts of aggression are direct infringements of constitutional rights against people who officers are supposed to protect and help.The needed trust in the police officer by the public is broken and is difficult to try to repair. Even if citizen oversight committees are formed and officers are punished for their actions, public trust usually is not restored. Police brutality usually goes hand-in-hand with perjury by the officer committin g the brutality. An officer is more likely to lie under oath instead of risking punishment from the court and their department (OConnor, 2005) Thankfully, most police officers follow the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.Only a small fraction of rogue officers use the influence of the position to gain effect and monetary gain. What needs to be done is to have more honest officers stand up and police their own. Only then will society be able to purge this nefarious aspect from its policing expectations and create a culture free from deceit and wrongdoings by those charged with protecting others. References Dempsey, J. S. , & Frost, L. S. (2005). Police and the law. In (Ed. ), An accession to policing (pp. 250-290). Retrieved from Axia CJS 210. OConnor, T. (2006). Topics in police ethics.Manuscript submitted for publication. Retrieved February 19, 2010, from http//www. apsu. edu/oconnort/3300/3300lect04. htm OConnor, T. R. (2005). Police deviance and ethics. Retrieved February 20, 2010 , from http//policecrimes. com/police_deviance. html Staff (2009, July). In the news police corruption. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http//articles. latimes. com/keyword/police-corruption Stevens, M. (2005). Police deviance and ethics (Masters Thesis, California State University Fresno, 2005). Retrieved from http//faculty. ncwc. edu/mstevens/205/205lect11. htm

Just in Time Concept

Financial beS. Das Income measuring and Accrual Accounting realisation and Measurement in Financial financial statements DEFINITIONS receiptssinflows of assets or reductions in liabilities from selling goods and attend tos depreciatesoutflows of assets or increases in liabilities used up in generating tax grosss. Recognitionformal recording of an item in pecuniary statements, in words and numbers Measurementquantify the effects of economic events numbers unit is money dollars historical cost recorded for simplicity, verifiability, reliability Cur countercurrent cost-relevant but less(prenominal) reliableOnly an estimate until item is sold Net income= taxs-Expenses. Incomeamount of resources available for consumption at the end of a period and yet be as well withdraw as it was at the beginning of the period. CASH BASIS Versus ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING So if we DEFINE PERIOD to be lifetime of a solid (which dismiss only be defined for a firm with a finite life) then we are on ly interested in the wages of a firm over its lifetime. In that case a. just wait until the firm dissolves. b. Add up either the cash inflows over its lifetime new(prenominal) than those for deal of admit stock. c.Add up the cash outflows over its lifetime other those for stock repurchase or dividends. d. Find the difference between cash inflows and outflows and YOU HAVE NET INCOME. e. THE in a higher place IS ALWAYS TRUE. However, if you DEFINE PERIOD TO BE ANY INTERVAL SMALLER THAN THE LIFE TIME when you wish to get information on earnings as intermediate feedback, then there is the following problem -transactions may not be roll in the hay on a cash to cash priming because the earnings process is continuous Period1buy inventory for $5 Period2pay for inventory Period3sell and deliver inventory for $15Period4receive payment from customer. KEY QuestionWhen should revenues and expenses be recognised? One possibility is the cash tail recognize revenues at time of receiving cash and recognize expenses at the time of paying cash. Example A toy retail merchant starts business on January 1, 2000. The retailer Mr. XYZ pays two months rent in advance on his store for $2000. He also purchases and pays for toys worth $35,000. However, during the month of January, he sold no toys. During February, he sells all the toys he has for $45,000 but collects only $5000 of that in cash.He expects the neighborhood children to pay the remaining $40000 in March. JanFebruary Revenues Less Expenses Cost of toys Rent- Total Expense- Income Limitations of interchange land 1. expenses are not aligned in time with the revenue that they produce. 2. recognition of revenue is unduly postponed. A Second possibility is the use of Accrual basis depends upon when some critical event occurs. What happens to income (accrual basis) using same example? JanFebruary Revenues Less Expenses Cost of toysRent- Total Expense- Income Comparing the Cash And Accrual Bases of Accounting -Basic difference one of timing Recognize Revenue whenRecognize Expense when Cash Basis cash is received cash is paid Accrual Basisrevenue is get it is incurred testify 4-2 transparency Accrualmatching of expenses with the corresponding revenues OR match resources used (expired assets- expenses)to generate revenue. The accrual concept forces accountants and managers to focus on changes in bearers equity alternatively than merely reporting changes to the cash or other assets.The realization concept underlies the decision rules that accountants use in determining when revenues should be recognized and expenses matched to them. The Revenue Recognition formula RevenueIncrease in Asset Or Decrease in Liability from Delivery of Goods Or service RealizedGoods Or Services Exchanged for Cash Or Promise of Cash . EarnedRevenue get when realization is complete or no significant obligations left How are Revenues recorded? At the same time as cash is collected. Before the time cash is collected. After the time cash is collected. Possible Interpretations of Recognition PrinciplePercentage of CompletionFor long term projects, revenue recognized as stages are completed, based upon pro ploughshare of total cost incurred, Franchises sign fee recognized as revenue only FAS 45 substantial performance of its obligations B&J 32 Production MethodCommodities Traded at established price so revenue recognized when they are produced. Installment Methodopposite of mathematical production method no reasonable basis to estimate collectability, so revenue on sale recognized as cash is collected Continuouslysuch as rent and interestThe criteria used in accounting to decide the recognition of revenues is A firms has performed all, or a substantial portion, of the services it expects to provide. The firm has received cash, a receivable, or some other asset whose cash equivalent it can objectively measure. Expense Recognition and the Matching Principle The matching concept relates revenues a nd expenses so that owners equity is neither overstated nor understated at any points in the steam of events that constitutes trading operations. Expensewhen an Asset Has No Future Benefit i. e. It Is Used Up Or a Liability Is Incurred.MatchingAssociate Revenues with be (expenses) Necessary to Generate them UnexpiredSometimes not make with specific items of product sold, but with period in Assets which they were sold eg. sales clerks salaries are expensed in the period in which employees worked. Expired Some things neer go through asset stage, since benefit is seen to expire as soon Assets as costs expended (purchased) = Period Costs eg. utilities costs, telephone, fuel for vehicles (not asset) devil examples 1. Expired asset versus 2. Expensing of benefits/ resources that never went through asset stage.A. Depreciation Expense estimated useful life and eventual salvage or resale value Manipulation to increase or decrease income palliate deducted before calculating periodic exp ense because it is expected to be recovered and will remain an asset. B. Research DevelopmentDell Computer in its 1995 yearly spread over enumerate Research, development and engineering of $65,361,00 as operating expense on Income Statement. an expense is an asset whose usefulness to the company is complete it is deemed that RD has no approaching benefit left hence out right expense without going through asset stage.For an accrual based company, Statement of Cash Flows provides information on Sources and Uses of Cash. Accrual basis necessary because we divide the earning of income, a process that takes place over a period of time, into artificial segments (reporting periods). Example In the 1995, Income Statement Maytag passel had a net loss of $20,476,000. Their Statement of Cash Flows showed an increase in cash equivalents of $30,811,000. Cash provided by operating activities was $319,979,000. How can a company with a net loss rescue a gain in cash?This is possible if expe nses exceeded revenues since Income statement is on accrual basis. It contains revenue amounts that may not have been realized in cash (still in accounts receivable) and expenses that may not have been paid for such as derogation, and unpaid purchases. Also look for income from continuing operations versus loss due to extraordinary items and disposal of existing business. (As was the case in Maytag 1995) Accrual Accounting and Adjusting Entries at end of period Four Types 1. Deferred Expense Cash Paid before Expense Is IncurredAsset created as asset expires it becomes an expense, via adjusting entry Entry DuringAsset End of Expense period Cash period Asset eg. * prepaid rent becomes rent expense, a month at a time * Depreciation allocates cost of asset over its useful life does not measure sort out in value ? Based on estimates of salvage value and life of asset ?Periodic expense= actual cost est. salvage value/estimated life ? debit is depreciation expense ?credit is not to as set account, which will always reflect cost, ? but to accumulated depreciation- contra account that is, an asset account with a credit equaliser 2. Deferred RevenueCash Received before Revenue Is Earned Liability Created Because Goods Or Services Still Owed EntryDuringCashEnd of Liability period Liability period Revenue ?Eg. unearned the other company from deferred expense entries ? for example, The landlord who received the prepaid rent has a deferred revenue ? liability is reduced, revenue increased, as time passes ?magazine subscriptions received in advance, earned as magazines mailed 3. Accrued LiabilityExpense incurred before Cash Is PaidOpposite of deferred expense EntryDuring-End of Expense period- period Liability Eg. taxes, payroll, utilities interest for short term loan paid at maturity with principal 4. Accrued AssetRevenue Earned before Cash Is Received Opposite of deferred revenue EntryDuring-End of Asset period-periodRevenue ?both rent and interest are earned as time goes by, regardless of when cash received ? need adjusting entry if payment is not received. Exhibit 4-5 (text pp. 165) Example P4-2 REVISITING THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE Steps taken to collect the necessary information to prepare financial statements (Exhibit 4-8) . Collect and Analyze 2. Journalize Events 3. Post to Ledger Accounts(Results in Unadjusted Trial equilibrium) 4. Journalize and Post adjustments(Results in alter Trial Balance) 5. Prepare Financial Statements 6. Journalize and Post Closing Entries(Results in Post-Closing Trial Balance) 7. Post Closing Trial Balance 8. Optional Reversing Entries The Closing Process Two types of accountsBalance Sheet= real accounts = permanent Income Statement= nominal accounts = temporary (Includes Dividend account) Purpose of closing entries-Close temporary accounts -transfer net income (loss) to retained earningsProcess of closing debit apiece Revenue Account Sum Up a Single Credit to Income Summary. Credit Each Expense Account, Sum Up a Single Debit to Income Summary. Debit Income Summary If It Has a Credit Balance ( gild Had Net Income) ORCredit Income Summary If It Has a Debit Balance (Company Had Net Loss) Credit Dividend Account, Debit Retained cyberspace Exhibit 4-9 (text pp. 171) Example 1E4-23. Ben Jerrys Example 2Let us look at McDonalds Corporations 1998 Statement of Income shown on Page 139 of your text. Notea. Retained Earnings at the beginning and end of 1998 were $12,569 and $13,879. million respectively. b. Total dividends paid to common and preferred shareholders were $239. 5 Use the numbers from the Income Statement to Reconstruct the relevant account balances. Then Close them to Income Summary and from there to Retained Earnings. EXAMPLE P4-10 Post-closing Trial Balance will only contain Balance Sheet accounts.When is a sale a sale? In an article concerning troubled MiniScribe Corporation (The Wall Street Journal September 12, 1989 MiniScribes Investigators arrest That Massive Fraud Was Perpetr ated. ) it was stated that he company dramatically increased shipments to three warehouses, booking $56. 4 in sales and gross profit of $5. 4 million. (Note that the warehouses being shipped to belonged to MiniScribe) The volume of shipments only called attention to the problem it was not the problem. Problem is it is not Customers warehouse but MiniScribes shipping goods to ones? own warehouse is not a sale but a relocation of inventory must be an arms length transaction.This was one among numerous violations MiniScribe was also shipping bricks to an fictitious company, and recording them as sales revenue. 1. Claiming Tomorrows Profits Today, Forbes, October 17, 1988, p 78. Case 4-1Ben Jerrys Revenue Recognition Initial Franchise Fee Footnote on 147 of text. FASB SFAS 45 allows franchisor to recognize initial franchise fee as revenue only when substantial performance of its obligations and when accretion of the fee is reasonably assured. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes franchise fee as .. when services required by the franchise agreement have been substantially performed. 1. Consistent with SFAS 45.The pen refers to certain mandatory services that the company promises to perform for the new stores. Performance of these services is the basis for recognizing the fee as revenue. Note that the footnote specifically uses the wording substantially performed. 2. The company recognizes the franchise fees as revenue in proportion to the stores for which the required services have been substantially performed. 3. Franchise fees are not large relative to net sales in any of the years. Franchise fees are less than 0. 4% of net sales in apiece of the three years. Unearned Revenue Realizability Vs.Earned criteria realized BUT has it been earned?. 1. Case 4-2Gateway- Revenue Recognition Refer to page 30 of Gateways Annual Report, under Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 1. Gateway recognizes revenue from product sales when products are shi pped. Revenue from separately priced extended warranty programs is deferred and recognized over the extended warranty period. 2. Extended warranty programs are contracts to service products for a period beyond the original warranty. These contracts are purchased for an additional amount above the product purchase price. . The revenue from the extended warranties is recognized over the warranty period because it is earned over the entire period, as coverage is provided. 2. Case 4-3 Sears, Roebuck, Company Revenue from Service Contracts. 1. Under the accrual basis, revenue should be recognized when it is earned, rather than when cash is received. Since the retailer incurs costs to repair damages over the life of the service contract, the revenue from the contract is also earned over the life of the contract. 2. Revenue to be recognized each year Year 1 Year 2Year 3Sales Revenue Service Contract Total revenue Typically, for service contract you receive cash or payment, for future ser vices, that creates a liability. Thus one has an unearned revenue account. In this particular example, the liability account would contain XXX at the end of year 1 and XX at the end of year 2 reported under current liability as unearned revenue on the balance sheet. Sears, Roebuck, Company 1998 Annual Report Footnotes to Revenue Recognition The Company sells extended service contracts with terms of coverage between 12 and 36 months.Revenue and incremental direct acquisition costs from the sale of these contracts are deferred and amortized over the lives of the contracts. Costs related to servicing the contracts are expensed as incurred. 3. American Airlines 1996 total revenues of $17,753 million. Balance sheet reported ? Air traffic Liability? of $1,889 million. unearned revenue (11%) from ticket sales. -when retired Retired when ticket holders are provided transportation. -Refundability a factor -What if carrier cannot provide service due to strike or storm. -When is revenue ear ned ? when ticket is bought when rider boards when plane takes off when the round trip is complete. AMERICAN AIRLINES 1998 Annual Report (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) (Note 1) PASSENGER REVENUES Passenger ticket sales are initially recorded as a component of air traffic liability. Revenue derived from ticket sales is recognized at the time transportation is provided. However, due to sundry(a) factors, including the complex pricing structure and interline agreements throughout the industry, certain amounts are recognized in revenue using estimates regarding both the timing and the amount of revenue to be ecognized. Actual results could differ from those estimates.In 1998, American showed revenues of $17,449 million and recorded Air traffic liability of $2,163 million on its Balance Sheet. Time Warner Inc. According to Annual Report they publish 26 different magazines. At end of 19985 unearned subscription revenue was $741 million. -included in their is your paid su bscription to Time for issues that you have yet to receive. -magazines are sold at different rates depending on how you subscribed and for how long. how to keep track of when earned. when does the earnings process complete When subscription received if main source of revenue is advertising. When production is complete and delivery is made. A combination of these two. Note that Time does not have difficulty to keep track since subscription price variations and customer records are all unploughed by computers closely monitor the process from payment to through unearned revenue to delivery and revenue earned. Time Warner Inc. 1998 Annual Report (Note 1) The unearned portion of paid subscriptions is deferred until magazines are delivered to subscribers.Upon each delivery, a proportionate share of the gross subscription is included in revenues. E 4-81. sniffyCash Subscriptions Received in advance (Unearned Revenue) To record accretion of 900 subscriptions Assets =Liabilities+ Owner s Equity 2. August 31. Unearned revenue Subscription revenue To record subscriptions earned during August. Assets=Liabilities+Owners Equity 3. Net income for the month of August would be under stated / overstated by XXX if the accountant forgot to make the entry to recognize revenue earned. (Self Note Also see clipping Subscription case) E 4 -9

Investigating the Volume of a Drop Essay

Criteria Planning (a) Planning (b) data Collection selective information Processing and Presentation proof and evaluationLaura HuLab Partner Tu Tai Kuong adeptted January 20, 07 perfect January 27, 07 5 pages + raw dataPlanning (a) and (b)Objective To accurately card the brashness of a omit of water and alter brininess water under two set temperatures.Hypothesis Since the mass of a substance changes as the temperature changes, we believe that the muckle of a liquified would change as temperature changes. This is because we know that niggardness is equal to mass divided by volume. Density is different dep finaleing on its temperature and mass is constant. Therefore, with a remnant in temperature, there go out be a difference in volume.The second thing we prognosticate is that season water will have a smaller volume per project than water. This is because the density of salinity water and the mass of sodium chloride water will be greater than normal water ascriba ble to the added flavor in the water. This will declare it heavier than regular water..Independent Variables Forces affecting the disembark as it is nigh to come shovel in ( gloom and chill of hand)Where to mold lands (may land on the sides of the beaker, making the slack stick to the sides instead of flingping to the bottom)Water evaporationAtmospheric pres surelyDropping device type (diameter of the place where the drop will comeout)Height from which the droplet will be dropped ( interrupt splashing)Saturation of common salt waterNumber of drops that will be testedLoss or increase in heat while conducting the experiment certified Variables Temperature of the liquidsThe type of liquidMaterials 2 Eye Droppers2 Thermometers2 Graduated cylinders (0.5ml increments)MicrowaveRefrigerator (set at 1 degree Celsius)Paper towelsSaturated salt water (table salt dissolved into water at roomtemperature until it can non dissolve anymore)Nestle Pure Life natural spring water (bottled wat er)4 Styrofoam cups1Procedures1.Prepare a data table with columns named Start volume, End gaudiness, Difference and ledger per drop.ExampleStart volumeEnd gaudinessDifferenceVolume per drop2. repose bottled water two Styrofoam cups. Take one of the cups and add table salt in it. Mix it until the salt will not dissolve any grander. Put both cups in the fridge. Set the fridge to 1 degree Celsius. Leave them there overnight.3. The next day, take out the salt water and mix it a step-up to make sure it is tinctured. Put the Styrofoam cup containing the salt water into a second Styrofoam cup.4. Take an nerve centre dropper, fill the eye dropper with salt water5. Take the gradatory cylinder and position it so that the end of the eyedropper is 2cm from the bottom of the graduated cylinder. Record the start volume of the liquid inside the cylinder (0 cm in this case).6. Slowly drop 10 drops into the cylinder, maintaining a 1 cm distance between the liquid and the end of the eyedroppe r. Record the volume. Dispose of the remaining water inside the dropper. Fill the dropper again with salt water. Drop 10 drops into the cylinder. Make sure to carefully count every drop Record the end volumes.7. Repeat step 5 five times.8. Clean out the graduated cylinder using solicit water, and use paper towels to dry it clean.9. Put the salt water back into the fridge.10. Take out the common un het water (from the fridge), put it in another Styrofoam cup and repeat what you did in step 5-8.11. Put the water in the microwave and heat it at high power for 1 minute.12. Take it out, stir the water, measure the temperature (and write it down) and use the water to do steps 5-8 again.13. Take the salt water out, microwave it at high power for 1 minute.14. Repeat what you did in step 12 for the salt water.15. Clean everything up.Data CollectionAttached to the back of the lab.2Data Processing and PresentationDifference = End volume start volumeEx. End volume = 2.11ml, start volume = 2. 00ml 2.11ml 2.00ml = 0.11 ml = differenceVolume per drop = Difference / 10 Ex. Difference = 0.11ml0.11ml/10 = 0.011ml = Volume per dropCold bottled water at 0.5+ 0.02 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00ml2.11ml0.11ml0.011 ml2.11 ml2.29 ml0.18 ml0.018 ml2.29 ml2.49 ml0.20 ml0.020 ml2.61 ml2.80 ml0.19 ml0.019 ml2.80 ml2.98 ml0.18 ml0.018 mlAverage volume per drop(0.011+0.018+0.020+0.018) / 5 = 0.0134mlRounded 0.013 mldubiety + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.011ml to 0.015mlCold pure salt water at 0.5 + 0.02 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00 ml2.12 ml0.12 ml0.012 ml2.12 ml2.30 ml0.18 ml0.018 ml2.30 ml2.41 ml0.11 ml0.011 ml2.41 ml2.60 ml0.19 ml0.019 ml2.60 ml2.71 ml0.11 ml0.011 mlAverage volume per drop(0.012+0.018+0.011+0.019+0.011) / 5 = 0.0142 mlRounded 0.014 mlUncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016mlWarm bottled water at 38 + 0.5 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolu me per Drop2.00 ml2.11 ml0.11 ml0.011 ml2.10 ml2.30 ml0.20 ml0.020 ml2.30 ml2.45 ml0.15 ml0.015 ml2.45 ml2.60 ml0.15 ml0.015 ml2.60 ml2.81 ml0.21 ml0.015 mlAverage volume per drop(0.011+0.020+0.015+0.015+0.015) / 5 = 0.0152 ml3Rounded 0.015mlUncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.013ml to 0.017mlWarm saturated salt water at 38 + 0.5 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00 ml2.10 ml0.10 ml0.010 ml2.10 ml2.31 ml0.21 ml0.021 ml2.21 ml2.34 ml0.13 ml0.013 ml2.34 ml2.49 ml0.15 ml0.015 ml2.60 ml2.71 ml0.11 ml0.011 mlAverage volume per drop (0.010+0.021+0.013+0.015+0.011) / 5 = 0.014ml Uncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016mlConclusion and EvaluationOur experiment tested two variables (the type of liquid and the temperature) and how they affected the volume of a drop. From our experiment, there is a slight difference between the volume of bottled water and the volume of salt water, so therefrom it proves that the volu me of a drop is dependant on the type of liquid we use.I also hypothesized that salt water would contain a smaller volume per drop than bottled water. This hypothesis was disproved in the experiment. We found that the volume of a drop of bottled water at 0.5 degrees Celsius is 0.01ml less than the volume of a drop of saturated salt water at 0.5 degrees Celsius.For our experiment, we couldnt prove that temperature affected the temperature affects the volume of a liquid because the volume of a drop of our bottled water increased by 0.02ml while the volume of a drop of warm saturated salt water remained exactly the selfsame(prenominal). Quite unexpectantly, we discovered that a drop of bottled water is greater in volume than a drop of salt water after theyre heated up to 38 degrees Celsius.All our data, however is only true IF we disregard the series of lab errors that may have neutered the results. Here is the list of lab errorsLab Errors1. Every drop that comes out of the eyedroppe r is a result of gravity pulling the drop of water out of the eyedropper opening. Because the force of gravity is constant, we can assume that every drop has the same volume, unless there was another force involved. This other force is the shaking of the hand holding the eyedropper. To prevent this, we first planned to tape the eyedropper to a ring stand. This way it would stay motionless so that no other force except gravity would act on every individual drop. Unfortunately, the eyedropper was not long enough to reach far enough into the graduated cylinder, therefore we held the eye dropped ourselves while dropping the liquids. For this reason, the shaking of our hand may have affected the results of our data.42. To prevent liquids from splashing onto the sides of the graduated cylinder, we decided to make every drop 1 cm above the liquid inside the cylinder. This would prevent each drop from making the water splash too much.3. Since we couldnt use the ring stand, the drops may hav e gotten stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder because we couldnt guarantee that the eyedropper was held vertically over the water. Even if we did make sure it was vertically straight, our transfer might have shook, flinging the drop so that it would hit the side.4. Water evaporation may have occurred when we were performing the lab, so before recording the data for 10 drops, there may have been a piddling bit of water that had evaporated so each drop is actually slightly bigger than what we had recorded.5. We are not 100 percent sure that we counted the correct number of drops because there seems to be a few trials that had an signally large volume compared to the other trials. This may have also been because the water stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder came down and added to the volume of one trial.6. Since the graduated cylinder we used only went up in 0.5ml increments, we had to estimate the 0.01ml values. Our data may be off by 0.01 or 0.02ml (thus a + 0.02m l error).7. Atmospheric pressure affects the results slightly. This is something we cannot control, however we did the stallion in a short period of time, so the atmospheric pressure should have been somewhat the same during that period of time.8. We couldnt make sure that NO heat would be lost or gained when we took the coldwater from out of the fridge or when we took it out of the microwave. We insulated the water with 2 Styrofoam cups, but even that couldnt make sure that no heat would be gained or lost. Also, water would lose or gain heat as we are dropping each drop, or when it is sitting in the graduated cylinder, delay to be measured and recorded. For this reason, each drop may be a little bigger or smaller in volume than our recorded values.9. We tried to control the saltiness of the salt water by making it saturated salt water. To do this, we put much more salt than is needed to saturate the water, into the container. We stirred until no more salt was dissolved, or so it seemed. We couldnt be absolutely sure that the water was saturated because maybe the salt was just dissolving more slowly, but it was still creation dissolved.10. When we were heating up the water inside salt water, we still had a little bit of salt left on the bottom.. This may have caused a problem because when we wanted saturated water, we wanted it saturated at 0.5 degrees. After we heat the salt water, it wouldnt be saturated anymore, so more salt would be able to be dissolved into the solution. This means that the salt water after getting heated was slightly saltier than before it was heated.

Human Resource Management. Motivation. Maslow.

Motivation- Having the forget or desire to go ahead and do aroundthing or to cultivate that little bit harder. Why we rent motivation? Motivation may come from a persons own interest much(prenominal) as their safety or separate things not so personal like praise or reward. Different theorists have proposed that on that point ar some(prenominal) different fashions to remind people. Pay is considered a main showcase of motivation in a function environment and outside a work environment. Pay however is not the only way of motivation.There atomic number 18 new(prenominal) ways that people may be motivate and things that get out keep them motivated. These types of things ar appreciation of work, opportunity to advance, responsibility and empowerment, a sense of achievement and the sense of challenge and enjoyment. A motivated workforce will work harder and together achieve to a greater extent resulting in the whole workforce having a greater output in much less time, r esulting in lower labour costs. It also doesnt need much supervision. An unmotivated workforce will do the opposite.This work affects the amount of work and its quality. How to motivate is a difficult topic with every unrivaled looking for something in a job sometimes not further fall in. So a add together of theorists have researched how this should be done. Frederic Taylor motivation in the late 1800s at the Bethlehem firebrand company in the USA. He believed that employees could be working more(prenominal) efficiently using their shovels. He estimate out that 21. 5 pounds of weight was the best weight of material for an employee to lift in order to work at their full potential creating the best output.He recommended that they handling shovels that could lift that amount. So Rewards that would be business office of Taylors possibleness are things such as * Pay -For many employees the reason they go to work is for pay. They need money for bills and other expenses involved in everyday life. few organisations will use pay as a reward for employees. They may be given additional pay in the form of a one off bonus or by giving employees a pay rise. However pay not be the key motivator to employees and some employees will work for low pay only when may have job satisfaction.Tesco uses this form of reward to all employees. * Performance related pay - This is a way for employees to be rewarded dependent on their performance in the last three, six, or twelve months. rafts of types of affaires use this type of reward and so will Tesco to its higher(prenominal) job roles such as focus and so on. It is very common for manufacturing and sales jobs where the more products or sales the employees make the more they are paid. Area managers at Tesco will be paid more if their area is performing faster and of a higher standard. Profit overlap - Profit sharing is when a business gives its employees a share of the businesses cabbage depending on how well the busin ess is doing. piece of grounds are divided between employees depending on how many years the employee has worked at the organisation and their level in the organisation. If the business is doing well the employees will see great services but if the business isnt doing too well the payment will be small. Tesco will once again domiciliate this to much higher staff such as managers and directors. * Employee Share options Share options, like profit sharing are a way to reward employees based on a companys performance. Share options move be given to employees free shares that they weed sell after a set stoppage of time or as an option to barter for shares at a lower fixed position than what the general public would pay. It can be quite difficult for employees to see how their individual commitment will affect the overall running and company performance. * Staff discounts -Businesses such as Tesco and other businesses in this type of sector may expand discounts on products to th eir staff. Elton Mayo.In the 1920s and 30s a theorist by the name of Elton Mayo set out about perfecting the ideas of Taylor and explored them in further depth he gain there was more to employee motivation than just pay. He created a use up known as the Hawthorne Study, he rail gondola carried out some experiments in the USA, Chicago to investigate motivation further. His study discovered a number of factors by testing incentive intrigues, rest periods, hours of work, and changes in lighting and heating. Mayos whole study uncovered that rises in productivity were not only imputable to financial rewards, but also due to management involvement, team working and communication.So Rewards that would be split up of Mayos theory are things such as * Company Vehicles - Company vehicles may be given to employees as a reward. They can use these vehicles in both(prenominal) their working and their personal lives and do not need their own vehicles for evenings and weekends. This kind of b enefit like bonuses is taxed. Higher employees in Tesco may ask round a company car this is good for both employee and employer, because the employee feels a sense of belonging and the employer will usual have free advertisement because the company car will have the logo of the organisation just like Tescos does. Childcare - childcare is another(prenominal) reward that employers may offer to their staff. The childcare may be within the building with something like a nursery or creche, whilst other employees may pay toward the fees of a private or council nursery. For older children after tame activities or holiday clubs may be paid for or subsided Tesco offers childcare systems to most Tesco staff. * corporeal clothing - Corporate clothing may be a uniform that an employee wears during their working hours as part of their job. Employers might also offer their staff a discount on clothing they can buy from the business.Some organisations use staff as Part of their identity, for e xample you can recognise staff from Tesco by their work apparel. * Flexible working - Organisations like Tesco can offer employees finicky working hours which can be more motivating for staff helping them balance their working lives and their personal life. Work Life balance can be very important to employees, especially if they have people to take care of or other personnel commitments. Flexible working hours usually makes employees feel more valued and less stressed. * Leave offer yearly paid leave to employees is another form of a reward that is offered by Tesco. As of the initiative of April 2009 every full time employee is entitled to 5. 6 weeks paid leave per year as part of the working time regulation. * Cafeteria incentive schemes - The name is a reference to the way you can pick what you pauperization from a selection of different rewards and benefits and chose the ones they want. Making these rewards more personnel and motivating. The employer therefore, avoids spendi ng money on rewards that are not wanted or needed. A sample of the type of benefits offered is things such as Holidays * Company car * Bicycle loan * Insurance, e. g. medical cover * Loans * Childcare * wellness screening * Season tickets for sporting events * Computers * Discounts * Pensions. Abraham Maslow suggested ineluctably of individuals can be ranked into a hierarchy. The lowest ranking necessitate are basic needs and they must be carry out before any other needs can be fulfilled So Rewards that would be part of Maslows theory are things such as * Pension schemes - Some organisations like Tesco offer indemnity schemes such as rewards to employees these are usually one of two types.Contributory and non contributory. A contributory pension scheme is one that both the employee and employer put into, whilst a non-contributory pension scheme is one where only the employer puts money in to. Tesco employees all have the option of opening a contributory pension scheme they can o pen but also have the choice not to have one. * Health care - many employers offer free or subsided health care to their employees and often their families as well. This convey that if they are ill they can claim from organisations such as BUPA to have treatment privately.Health care may be given in the form of discount vouchers for treatments such as massages or beauty therapy. * blanket(a) parental leave - Extended parental leave is the amount of leave that can be interpreted by employees to look after their children in addition to what they are entitled to by law so tesco must offer leave however they also offer extended parental leave to higher management or skilled staff. the work and families act 2006 ensures that all parents can take a certain(prenominal) number of weeks off work however it is not paid and neither is extended parental leave.But some employees may choose to pay full wage or half wage to employees who are taken leave and the organisation must keep their jo b position open for them until they recollect. * Career Breaks -Employees are not entitled to a career break and they are also unpaid. They cannot also be guaranteed that once they return they will be placed in the exact same Job. Some organisations such as Tesco can offer these types of breaks because they may also bring benefits to the organisation.Key staffs are not lost, employees may return to work clean and happier and therefore more motivated also the organisation is seen to be caring for the well being of their employees. It is more common for employees over the age of 35 to take a career break rather than junior employees. * Salary Sacrifice schemes - These schemes enable employees to give up some of their gross salary to receive a form of a reward or benefit instead. The advantage of using this scheme is that the employee or employer will not have to pay as much tax or national insurance.Tesco can offer salary sacrifice schemes to all levels of employees for example th e options for floor staff to have a pension scheme or not. Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg had close links with Maslow and believed in a two factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would motivate employees to work harder, these are called motivators. But on the other hand there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee these are called hygiene factors So Rewards that would be part of Herzbergs theory are things such as * Bonuses -Bonuses can be a god way of rewarding employees with extra money. When they are paid a bonus this doesnt have to be done every year. They are a reward that many employees like to receive however bonuses like pay do guide tax and national insurance to be paid. Other forms of rewards that tesco do not offer but could are things such as * School Fees - some employers will offer to cover or contribute to school fees as areward to the employee. This happens especially if the e mployee teaches or works for the school that their child attends.If an employer had a number of employees thats children went to a particular school the employee may be able to gain a discount. Loans/ advances -sometimes employees may have bombastic expenses they have to pay for in their personal life so employers may offer part of their in store(predicate) wages (an advance) to be paid in to their account. Employers may also offer loans, often with a special low rate interest. * Mortgage subsides - owe subsides are payments that are given to employees to pay toward their mortgages.This reward scheme is usually used in areas where the housing is very expensive. Some organisations such as banks offer mortgage subsiders as part of their employees benefits. * Relocation Fees - A relocation fee is the money that is paid to relocate an employee as part of their new or current job. There is no automatic right to receive relocation fees and some organisations will willingly pay for all expenses. This option will be placed on the type of position that the employee has in the organisation and how long they have worked for the organisation.